Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Signal and System01:26

Signal and System

1.1K
A signal x(t) is a set of data or a time function representing a variable of interest. Signals typically convey information about a phenomenon, such as atmospheric temperature, humidity, human voice, television images, a dog's bark, or birdsongs. More generally, a signal can be a function of more than one independent variable. For instance, images depend on horizontal and vertical positions and can be regarded as two-dimensional signals. However, this text will focus on one-dimensional...
1.1K
Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

1.5K
Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
1.5K
Communication01:03

Communication

7.9K
Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
7.9K
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

16.5K
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
16.5K
Network Function of a Circuit01:25

Network Function of a Circuit

408
Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
408
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

122
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
122

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An Infrastructure for Enabling Dynamic Fault Tolerance in Highly-Reliable Adaptive Distributed Embedded Systems Based on Switched Ethernet.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

Recent Advances in Smart Farming.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2022
Same author

Optimal Relay Network for Aerial Remote Inspections.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

SheepIT, an E-Shepherd System for Weed Control in Vineyards: Experimental Results and Lessons Learned.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2021
Same author

Improving the Ambient Temperature Control Performance in Smart Homes and Buildings.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

Integrated Robotic and Network Simulation Method.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2019
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

3.9K

Extending MQTT with Real-Time Communication Services Based on SDN.

Ehsan Shahri1,2, Paulo Pedreiras1,2, Luis Almeida3,4

  • 1Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces MQTT protocol extensions to meet Industrial-Internet-of-Things (IIoT) real-time needs. Software-Defined Networking enforces network reservations, significantly reducing latency for time-sensitive MQTT traffic.

Keywords:
IIoTIoTMQTTOpenFlowSDNreal-time communication

More Related Videos

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
08:15

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process

Published on: July 15, 2022

3.6K
Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
07:49

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

3.9K
Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
08:15

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process

Published on: July 15, 2022

3.6K
Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
07:49

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Networking
  • Internet of Things

Background:

  • MQTT is a popular protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial-Internet-of-Things (IIoT) due to its efficiency in resource-constrained environments.
  • Existing MQTT Quality-of-Service policies lack support for the strict timeliness requirements crucial in IIoT applications.
  • Prior research has focused on limited aspects like broker improvements or path optimizations, failing to provide a comprehensive solution for real-time MQTT traffic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a comprehensive architectural approach with extensions to the MQTT protocol.
  • To enable applications to explicitly define real-time requirements and reserve network resources for temporal behavior enforcement.
  • To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system through emulation and implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed extensions to the MQTT protocol for specifying real-time requirements.
  • Utilized Software-Defined Networking (SDN), specifically OpenFlow, for enforcing network reservations and bandwidth guarantees.
  • Integrated Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) as an alternative for bandwidth reservation protocols.
  • Conducted extensive emulation and implementation tests across various network topologies and load conditions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated effective segregation and prioritization of time-sensitive MQTT traffic.
  • Achieved a reduction in both average and worst-case latencies for time-sensitive MQTT traffic by approximately 50%.
  • Observed a marginal increase of approximately 10% in latency for non-time-sensitive MQTT traffic.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed architectural approach and MQTT extensions successfully address the timeliness limitations of standard MQTT in IIoT.
  • SDN-based network reservations are a viable mechanism for enforcing real-time requirements in MQTT-based IIoT systems.
  • The system effectively balances the needs of time-sensitive and normal traffic, improving overall IIoT communication reliability.