Postoperative Fluid Collections in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review

A post-operative fluid collection (POFC) represents a common finding in both primary and revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Fortunately, most resolve on their own, but in instances where they become symptomatic, prompt identification and management are paramount, especially when they occur adjacent to a joint arthroplasty because of the increased the risk of developing a periprosthetic joint infection. A strong clinical suspicion with appropriate clinical exam is required along with select imaging modalities to arrive at a diagnosis. Meticulous surgical technique is crucial to prevent POFC, but new emerging treatments continue to evolve. This article presents an updated overview of incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of POFC in the setting of TJA. We review the role of select imaging modalities as well as summarize current literature regarding new treatments such as sclerotherapy agents, acellular dermal matrices, and negative pressure wound therapy. Future studies are necessary to explore the interplay of inflammatory mediators in POFC formation and to define their role in fluid collection resolution.