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Related Concept Videos

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Insulin and cancer: a tangled web.

Brooks P Leitner1,2, Stephan Siebel1,2,3, Ngozi D Akingbesote1,2

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The Biochemical Journal
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Obesity and altered metabolism are linked to cancer. This review focuses on the specific roles of insulin in metabolic dysregulation and cancer, exploring new metabolic treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The connection between metabolism and cancer has been recognized for a century.
  • Rising obesity rates correlate with increased cancer incidence globally.
  • Obesity-associated metabolic changes are increasingly implicated in cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex relationship between obesity, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer.
  • To specifically examine the role of insulin in mediating these connections.
  • To discuss emerging metabolic therapies as adjuncts to conventional cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and mechanistic studies.
  • Analysis of hormonal and metabolic pathways involved in cancer.
  • Synthesis of current research on obesity, insulin, and cancer.

Main Results:

  • Obesity significantly alters host metabolism, creating a pro-cancer environment.
  • Insulin and insulin-like growth factors play critical roles in promoting cancer cell growth and survival.
  • Metabolic dysregulation driven by obesity impacts cancer progression and treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding hormone-specific metabolic links is crucial for cancer research.
  • Targeting metabolic pathways, particularly those involving insulin, offers potential for novel cancer therapies.
  • Investigational metabolic adjuncts show promise in improving outcomes for cancer patients with obesity.