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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles
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Self-organized rod undulations on pre-stretched textiles.

Lorenzo Guiducci1,2, Agata Kycia3, Christiane Sauer1,3

  • 1Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Cluster of Excellence 'Matters of Activity. Image Space Material', Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
|March 8, 2022
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Summary

Researchers quantitatively studied wrinkling in textiles caused by printed rods. They found that rod thickness and spacing control wrinkle patterns, offering insights for design and biological systems.

Keywords:
3D printing on pre-stretched textiles4D textilesdifferential strainform findingrod-membrane assembliesself-shaping textilessurface texturing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Textile Technology

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing using textiles involves printing on one-dimensional yarn.
  • Printing rods on pre-stretched textiles induces internal stresses upon relaxation, causing buckling and out-of-plane deformation.
  • Similar stress-induced wrinkling occurs in biological systems, such as leaf folding due to differential growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively understand the wrinkling phenomenon in textiles induced by printed rods.
  • To systematically investigate the relationship between printed rod parameters and wrinkle characteristics.
  • To develop an analytical model for predicting wrinkling behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of parallel rods printed onto pre-stretched textiles.
  • Numerical simulation to analyze stress and deformation.
  • Systematic variation of rod thickness and spacing to observe effects on wrinkle wavelength and phase coherence.

Main Results:

  • Wrinkling behavior is directly influenced by the thickness and spacing of printed rods.
  • Quantitative data on wrinkle wavelength and phase coherence as a function of rod parameters were obtained.
  • A simple analytical description was derived to explain the observed wrinkling phenomena.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a quantitative understanding of buckling-induced wrinkling in printed textiles.
  • An analytical estimate for the phase diagram of behaviors was developed.
  • Findings can inform the design of textile-based additive manufacturing and explain wrinkling in biological and bioinspired systems.