Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Executive Function: Differing Conceptualizations, Diverse Assessments, and...

Developing the ability to regulate actions, thoughts, and emotions is necessary for successfully engaging in goal-directed activities, which form the essence of success in many life situations. In this regard, executive function (EF), as an aspect of these top-down control processes, has been the subject of inquiry in many developmental studies aiming to identify its link with various other aspects of a child's life, including family socioeconomic status (SES). This article presents a critical look at the association between family SES and childhood EF by reviewing studies that provide contrasting perspectives compared to the generally reported positive correlation between these two constructs. We first address the various aspects of assessing SES and childhood EF, emphasizing their multifaceted nature. Next, we discuss the interplays between different components of these two constructs, especially as it unfolds in various cultural contexts. Finally, we conclude by discussing mainly neglected lines of research that could further improve our understanding of the extent of socioeconomic impacts on child development, specifically regarding executive function. Considering these lines of research is a necessary step to a more accurate analysis of the link between socioeconomic factors and childhood executive function.