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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
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Passive Manipulation for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Extension Contractures.

Cyril S Gary1, Jessica S Wang1, Valeriy Shubinets1

  • 1The Curtis National Hand Center, Baltimore, MD.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|March 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Closed passive manipulation effectively treats proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint extension contractures, offering a non-surgical alternative. This method improved both passive and active range of motion in patients with PIP joint stiffness.

Keywords:
PIP joint extension contracturesPassive manipulationproximal interphalangeal joint

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Hand Surgery
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint extension contractures often result from injury or surgery.
  • Limited range of motion in PIP joints can significantly impact hand function.
  • Traditional treatments may include extensive physical therapy or surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate closed passive manipulation as a non-surgical treatment for PIP joint extension contractures.
  • To assess the efficacy of passive manipulation in restoring both passive range of motion (PROM) and active range of motion (AROM).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of patients treated with passive manipulation for PIP joint extension contractures between 2015 and 2019.
  • Inclusion criteria: minimum 12 weeks post-injury/surgery, plateaued therapy, congruent joints, no hardware.
  • Data collected included PROM and AROM measurements at various time points post-manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Median PROM improved from 50° to 90° immediately post-manipulation, with sustained gains at follow-up.
  • Median AROM improved from 40° to 90° immediately post-manipulation, with variable long-term results.
  • No patients experienced worsening of PIP joint range of motion; some required further procedures for AROM improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Closed passive manipulation is a viable alternative to surgical release for select PIP joint extension contractures.
  • The procedure demonstrated significant improvements in PROM and initial AROM.
  • Careful patient selection is crucial for optimizing outcomes with this technique.