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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

45.4K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Olfactory threshold predicts treatment response in relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Gabriel Bsteh1, Harald Hegen2, Klaus Berek2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|March 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory threshold (OT) can predict treatment response in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Higher OT scores and improvement in OT after starting disease-modifying treatment (DMT) are linked to reduced relapse risk.

Keywords:
MRIMultiple sclerosisdisease-modifying treatmentolfactory thresholdrelapsetreatment response

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Olfactory dysfunction

Background:

  • Olfactory threshold (OT) is linked to short-term inflammatory activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS).
  • Understanding predictors of treatment response is crucial for managing RMS.
  • Olfactory function may serve as a biomarker in neurological diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive value of olfactory threshold (OT) for treatment response in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS).
  • To determine if changes in OT over time correlate with disease activity.
  • To identify OT as a potential biomarker for disease management in RMS.

Main Methods:

  • A 5-year prospective study involving 123 RMS patients.
  • Olfactory threshold (OT) measured using the Sniffin' Sticks test at baseline (M0), 3 months (M3), and 12 months (M12) after initiating disease-modifying treatment (DMT).
  • Primary endpoint: absence of relapse; Secondary endpoints: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression and MRI activity. Predictive values assessed using ROC analyses and Cox regression.

Main Results:

  • Higher OT scores at M0, M3, and M12 were independently associated with a decreased probability of relapse.
  • Improvement in OT from M0 to M3 (ΔOTM3) significantly reduced relapse risk (HR=0.12, p<0.001).
  • An OT score > 6.5 at M3 was the strongest predictor of relapse freedom (HR=0.10, p<0.001), with high diagnostic accuracy (PPV=87%).

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory threshold (OT) is an independent predictor of sustained freedom from disease activity in RMS patients initiating DMT.
  • OT measurements, particularly at 3 months post-treatment initiation, can serve as a valuable biomarker for predicting treatment response.
  • These findings highlight the potential of olfactory testing in monitoring disease activity and treatment efficacy in relapsing multiple sclerosis.