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Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
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Electrical Conductivity01:13

Electrical Conductivity

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In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
In a practical conductor, an applied electric field may be sustained, causing a flow of electrons, which produce a current. The differential form of the current, the current density, is related to the electric field.
More generally, it is related to the force per unit charge, which involves the...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Conductivity of Concentrated Electrolytes.

Yael Avni1, Ram M Adar2,3, David Andelman1

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Physical Review Letters
|March 18, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new theory accurately predicts ionic solution conductivity up to 3 molar concentrations. This breakthrough in physical chemistry overcomes limitations of existing models, offering a more robust understanding of ion behavior in solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solution Theory

Background:

  • Ionic solution conductivity is crucial for electrochemical, biochemical, and environmental applications.
  • Existing Debye-Hückel-Onsager theory accurately predicts conductivity only at very low concentrations (millimolars).
  • A well-established theoretical framework for higher ionic concentrations is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new theoretical model for predicting ionic solution conductivity at higher concentrations.
  • To provide a more accurate and universally applicable theory beyond the limitations of Debye-Hückel-Onsager.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized stochastic density functional theory.
  • Incorporated a modified Coulomb interaction to account for hard-core ion repulsion.
  • Suppressed unphysical short-range electrostatic interactions inherent in older theories.

Main Results:

  • The developed theory shows excellent agreement with experimental conductivity data up to 3 molar concentrations.
  • The model's predictions were achieved without the need for any fitting parameters.
  • A compact, precise expression for conductivity was derived, along with a simplified analytical approximation.

Conclusions:

  • The novel theoretical approach provides a significant advancement in understanding ionic solution conductivity.
  • This work offers a reliable predictive tool for ionic solutions across a wide range of concentrations.
  • The findings have broad implications for various scientific and industrial applications relying on ionic solutions.