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Updated: Sep 29, 2025
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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
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Disabled Throwing Shoulder 2021 Update: Part 1-Anatomy and Mechanics
W Ben Kibler1, Aaron Sciascia2, J T Tokish3
1Shoulder Center of Kentucky, Lexington Clinic, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Summary
The Disabled Throwing Shoulder (DTS) often results from internal impingement due to combined factors. Understanding shoulder anatomy, mechanics, and kinetic chain function is crucial for diagnosing and managing DTS in overhead athletes.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Orthopedics
- Biomechanics
Background:
- The Disabled Throwing Shoulder (DTS) is a spectrum of injuries affecting overhead athletes.
- Previous understanding of DTS etiology and contributing factors requires updates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide updated information for sports health care specialists on the Disabled Throwing Shoulder (DTS).
- To establish consensus conclusions on the anatomy and mechanics contributing to the DTS spectrum.
Main Methods:
- A panel of experts in sports medicine and orthopedics was convened.
- Experts submitted presentations on key DTS topics, followed by group review and consensus agreement.
Main Results:
- Internal impingement is a common pathway for labral pathoanatomy in DTS.
- Glenohumeral stability relies on labral integrity, but the labrum poorly handles shear/translational loads.
- The biceps contributes to glenohumeral stability via "concavity compression".
- Optimized kinetic chain function, particularly stride length, enhances the "launch window" for throwing.
- Overhead athletes develop adaptive shoulder changes; precise range of motion measurements are vital for identifying deficits.
Conclusions:
- Internal impingement is a key factor in DTS.
- Labral anatomy and biceps function are critical for shoulder stability in throwing athletes.
- Kinetic chain optimization and monitoring adaptive shoulder changes are essential for DTS management.
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