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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging
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Eukaryotic cellular intricacies shape mitochondrial proteomic complexity.

Michael Hammond1,2, Richard G Dorrell3, Dave Speijer4

  • 1Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|March 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria are vital for eukaryotic life, evolving alongside major transitions like photosynthesis and multicellularity. Their metabolic functions have been extensively remodelled throughout eukaryotic evolution, reflecting diverse ecological adaptations.

Keywords:
mass spectrometrymitoproteomemulticellularityparasitephotosynthesisplastidprotist

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitochondria are essential organelles for eukaryotic cells, performing functions beyond respiration.
  • Mitochondrial metabolism interacts with and complements pathways in other organelles, like chloroplasts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variation in mitochondrial metabolism across eukaryotic evolution.
  • To illustrate mitochondrial remodelling and proteomic changes during major evolutionary transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature integration to analyze mitochondrial metabolism across eukaryotes.
  • Examination of proteomic and metabolic changes linked to evolutionary events.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial complexity has been remodelled in specific eukaryotic groups.
  • Changes support key transitions such as chloroplast acquisition and multicellularity.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria play versatile and crucial roles throughout eukaryotic evolution.
  • Mitochondrial evolution reflects both ecological pressures and evolutionary history.