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Saturated buffer design flow and performance in Illinois.

Janith Chandrasoma1, Reid Christianson1, Richard Andrew Cooke2

  • 1Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.

Journal of Environmental Quality
|March 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
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Saturated buffers effectively remove nitrate (NO3) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from agricultural drainage. However, current federal design standards may not accurately predict bypass flow, highlighting the need for improved models.

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Water Quality Management

Background:

  • Limited peer-reviewed data exists on saturated buffer performance for nitrate removal and adherence to federal design standards.
  • Saturated buffers are edge-of-field practices designed to mitigate nutrient runoff from agricultural lands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document annual nitrate removal in saturated buffers.
  • To assess if current federal design criteria align with observed bypass flow rates.
  • To evaluate the factors influencing bypass flow in saturated buffers.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring drainage flow, nitrate (NO3), and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) at three saturated buffers in Illinois over 10 site-years.
  • Comparing observed bypass flow rates with predictions from drainage coefficient and Manning's equation-based methods.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analyzing the relationship between antecedent buffer moisture conditions and bypass initiation.

    • Main Results:

    • Nitrate loss reduction averaged 48 ± 19%, with annual removals ranging from 3.5-25.2 kg NO3-N ha⁻¹.
    • Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations remained at or below the detection limit (0.01 mg L⁻¹).
    • Observed bypass flow initiation varied significantly (4.4-49% of peak flow) and did not consistently align with the 5% threshold in federal design standards.

    Conclusions:

    • Saturated buffers demonstrate significant nitrate removal capabilities and effectively reduce phosphorus.
    • Current federal design standards may overestimate or underestimate bypass flow due to inherent uncertainties and dynamic hydrology.
    • Further research is needed to refine predictive relationships and design models for saturated buffers and similar edge-of-field practices.