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Altruism01:03

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Altruistic behaviors are “unselfish” behaviors—those that help another individual at the expense of the individual carrying out the behavior. Despite the negative consequences for the altruistic animal, these behaviors are thought to have evolved for several reasons.
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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High self-esteem benefits are often overstated. Objective outcomes show these effects depend on the situation and specific domain, suggesting self-esteem

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • A recent review suggests high self-esteem consistently offers benefits.
  • The popular belief in the advantages of high self-esteem is widespread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the objective benefits of high self-esteem.
  • To examine the variability and domain-dependence of self-esteem's effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and commentary.
  • Analysis of objective outcome measures versus subjective perceptions.

Main Results:

  • Observed benefits of high self-esteem are variable and context-dependent.
  • Effects are not uniform across all objective measures or life domains.
  • The perceived advantages may be more cognitive than behavioral.

Conclusions:

  • The link between high self-esteem and positive objective outcomes is less robust than often assumed.
  • Self-esteem's influence is nuanced, varying significantly by domain and measurement.
  • The impact of high self-esteem may be more rooted in internal states than external actions.