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Updated: Sep 27, 2025
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Published on: October 30, 2013
Identification of The Immune Subtype Among Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients by Multiple Datasets
Khyber Shinwari1, Zihao Chen, Guojun Liu
11. Department of immunochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia. 2. Faculty of education, Department Biology, Nangrahar University, Nangrahar, Afghanistan. khybershinwari05@gmail.com.
Background:
Immunotherapies including PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have been approved for the treatment of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) patients. However, immunotherapies could only be beneficial for about 20% MIBC patients. Thus, identification of the immune subtype is becoming increasingly important. This study aimed to explore the immune subtype by analyzing the gene expression profiles.
Methods:
A total of 6 datasets including (GSE13507, GSE31684, GSE32548, GSE32894, GSE69795, and TCGA-BLCA) were downloaded. The gene expression profiles from different datasets were combined since the batch effects were removed. We performed unsupervised clustering analysis to identify the immune subtype by the combined gene expression profiles. The tumor-infiltration levels of 22 immune cells, immune scores, and tumor purity were calculated, and the survival analysis was performed to investigate the prognosis difference between immune subtypes. The enriched pathways for each immune subtype were obtained.
Results:
We identified four novel immune subtypes (referred to S1, S2, S3, and S4) among MIBC patients. We found that S1 was enriched in immune scores had the best prognosis. In contrast, S3 was poor in immune scores and had the worst prognosis. Subtype S1, S2, S3, and S4 were enriched in immune-related pathways, extracellular matrix-related pathways, metabolism-related pathways, and cancer-related pathways, respectively.
Conclusion:
The current study suggests that the immune subtypes based on gene expression profiles could contribute to select the appropriate MIBC patient for immunotherapies.
