Gestational trophoblastic disease- rare, sometimes dramatic, and what we know so far

Area of Science:

• Gynecology
• Pathology
• Oncology

Background:

• Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) represents a spectrum of placental trophoblast proliferations.
• GTD ranges from benign conditions to aggressive malignant tumors, necessitating accurate classification.
• The 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification provides updated diagnostic categories for GTD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical presentations, histopathologic features, and diagnostic criteria for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD).
• To discuss novel insights into GTD pathogenesis, emerging entities, and advanced diagnostic techniques.
• To provide an overview of current treatment options, prognosis, and prognostic factors for GTD.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical presentations and histopathologic features of GTD.
• Analysis of immunohistochemical stains and diagnostic criteria.
• Discussion of updated 2020 WHO Classification of Female Genital Tumors for GTD.

Main Results:

• GTD is categorized into molar pregnancies, gestational trophoblastic neoplasms, tumor-like lesions, and abnormal villous lesions.
• Histopathologic evaluation, supported by immunohistochemistry, is crucial for accurate GTD diagnosis.
• Advances in diagnostic techniques offer new insights into GTD pathogenesis and classification.

Conclusions:

• Accurate histopathologic diagnosis of GTD is essential for appropriate patient management.
• The 2020 WHO classification refines the understanding and categorization of GTD.
• Continued research into pathogenesis and diagnostic modalities will improve GTD outcomes.