Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

1.9K
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
1.9K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.5K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.5K
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.3K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.3K
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

1.9K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
1.9K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.2K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reversible superdeformability of hiPSC epithelial cortinoids.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Sustaining microglial reparative function enhances stroke recovery.

Nature·2026
Same author

Combined administration of interleukin-2 and 18 with anti-PD-L1 antibody induces CCL5-positive CD8 T cells to suppress liver tumors.

PNAS nexus·2026
Same author

Non-destructive assessment of multi-material micro-tissue mechanics reveals the critical role of rigidity gradients in tumour growth and pressure.

Acta biomaterialia·2025
Same author

Distinct microRNA profiles in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles between recent-onset and chronic-phase schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)·2025
Same author

Mechano-osmotic signals control chromatin state and fate transitions in pluripotent stem cells.

Nature cell biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
13:47

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

Published on: March 29, 2019

9.8K

DUX4 is a multifunctional factor priming human embryonic genome activation.

Sanna Vuoristo1,2, Shruti Bhagat1,3,4, Christel Hydén-Granskog5

  • 1Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Huddinge, Sweden.

Iscience
|April 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Double homeobox 4 (DUX4) protein regulates early human embryo development by altering non-coding DNA accessibility and activating key genes. DUX4

Keywords:
biology of human developmentdevelopmental biologymolecular biology

More Related Videos

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with a Four Transcription Factor, Doxycycline Inducible Lentiviral Transduction System
11:48

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with a Four Transcription Factor, Doxycycline Inducible Lentiviral Transduction System

Published on: November 13, 2009

24.7K
Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
13:47

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

Published on: March 29, 2019

9.8K
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with a Four Transcription Factor, Doxycycline Inducible Lentiviral Transduction System
11:48

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with a Four Transcription Factor, Doxycycline Inducible Lentiviral Transduction System

Published on: November 13, 2009

24.7K
Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Double homeobox 4 (DUX4) is expressed during early human embryonic development.
  • The role of DUX4 in regulating the non-coding genome during pre-implantation stages is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of DUX4 in regulating chromatin accessibility and gene expression in human embryos.
  • To explore DUX4's role in embryonic genome activation (EGA) and its interaction with the Mediator complex.

Main Methods:

  • CRISPR activation to induce DUX4 expression and study its effects on chromatin accessibility.
  • Analysis of transcribed enhancer-like regions and their association with repeat elements (ERVL-MaLR).
  • DUX4 knockdown experiments in human zygotes to assess its impact on the EGA transcriptome.
  • Protein interaction studies to identify DUX4's binding partners, specifically the Mediator complex.

Main Results:

  • Induced DUX4 expression altered chromatin accessibility and activated thousands of novel transcribed enhancer-like regions, primarily within ERVL-MaLR repeats.
  • CRISPR activation of DUX4-motif enhancers increased expression of key EGA genes, ZSCAN4 and KHDC1P1.
  • DUX4 is enriched in human zygotes, with nuclear localization preceding and coinciding with minor EGA.
  • DUX4 knockdown altered the EGA transcriptome but did not halt embryonic development.
  • DUX4 interacts with the Mediator complex via its C-terminal KIX binding motif.

Conclusions:

  • DUX4 acts as a crucial regulator of the non-coding genome during early human embryonic development.
  • DUX4 influences chromatin accessibility and activates specific enhancers, impacting embryonic genome activation.
  • DUX4's interaction with the Mediator complex is vital for its regulatory functions.