Characterization of Tetracalcium Phosphate/Monetite Biocement Modified by Magnesium Pyrophosphate

Magnesium pyrophosphate modified tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cement mixtures (MgTTCPM) were prepared by simple mechanical homogenization of compounds in a ball mill. The MgP₂O₇ was chosen due to the suitable setting properties of the final cements, in contrast to cements with the addition of amorphous (Ca, Mg) CO₃ or newberite, which significantly extended the setting time even in small amounts (corresponding ~to 1 wt% of Mg in final cements). The results showed the gradual dissolution of the same amount of Mg₂P₂O₇ phase, regardless of its content in the cement mixtures, and the refinement of formed HAP nanoparticles, which were joined into weakly and mutually bound spherical agglomerates. The compressive strength of composite cements was reduced to 14 MPa and the setting time was 5-10 min depending on the composition. Cytotoxicity of cements or their extracts was not detected and increased proliferative activity of mesenchymal stem cells with upregulation of osteopontin and osteonectin genes was verified in cells cultured for 7 and 15 days in cement extracts. The above facts, including insignificant changes in the pH of simulated body fluid solution and mechanical strength close to cancellous bone, indicate that MgTTCPM cement mixtures could be suitable biomaterials for use in the treatment of bone defects.