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Related Concept Videos

Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
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Cascaded Op Amps01:16

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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
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Operational Amplifiers01:17

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The operational amplifier, often referred to as an op-amp, is a multifaceted building block of a circuit. This electronic component functions like a voltage-controlled voltage source and can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. The design of an operational amplifier enables it to execute mathematical operations when external components like resistors and capacitors are linked to its terminals. An op-amp has the capacity to sum signals, amplify a signal,...
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In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.
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Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console01:17

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A sound engineer at a music company recently encountered a problem. The output from their newly acquired studio's vintage mixing console was too low for the requirements of modern recording equipment. To rectify this situation, the engineer decided to design an audio pre-amplifier using an operational amplifier (op-amp) to boost the signal level.
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Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers01:23

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

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In small-signal analysis, a MOSFET transistor amplifier acts as a linear amplifier when operating in its saturation region. The gate-to-source voltage (VGS) of the MOSFET is the sum of the DC biasing voltage and the small time-varying input signal. This combination sets up the operating point and modulates the drain current (ID) that flows from the drain to the source. When a small AC signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the gate, the instantaneous drain current comprises three...
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Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
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Group-Chopping: An 8-Channel, 0.04% Gain Mismatch, 2.1 µW 0.017 mm2 Instrumentation Amplifier for Bio-Potential

Tao Tang, Jeong Hoan Park, Lian Zhang

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |April 12, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel 8-channel analog front-end (AFE) using a group-chopping instrumentation amplifier (GCIA) for bio-potential recording. The GCIA significantly minimizes gain mismatch across multiple channels, achieving industry-leading performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Analog Integrated Circuit Design
    • Bio-potential Signal Acquisition

    Background:

    • Accurate bio-potential recording is crucial for medical diagnostics and research.
    • Existing instrumentation amplifiers often suffer from gain mismatch and dynamic offsets, limiting multi-channel recording precision.
    • Minimizing inter-channel gain mismatch is a key challenge in developing high-performance bio-potential AFEs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and validate a novel 8-channel analog front-end (AFE) utilizing a group-chopping instrumentation amplifier (GCIA).
    • To achieve ultra-low between-channel gain mismatch for enhanced bio-potential signal acquisition.
    • To demonstrate a power-efficient and area-optimized solution for multi-channel bio-potential recording.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of an 8-channel AFE incorporating a group-chopping instrumentation amplifier (GCIA).
    • Implementation of an 8-phase non-overlapping clocking scheme to manage chopper switches.
    • Design utilizing an area-efficient open-loop structure for the GCIA.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved <0.04% between-channel gain mismatch, the lowest reported to date.
    • Successfully mitigated dynamic offsets across all channels using the GCIA.
    • Fabricated chip in 0.18µm CMOS, occupying 0.017 mm²/Ch. with 2.1 μW/Ch. power consumption at 0.5 V.
    • Obtained a Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 2.1.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed GCIA effectively minimizes gain mismatch and dynamic offsets in multi-channel bio-potential recording.
    • This work presents the first GCIA capable of reducing gain mismatch across more than two channels.
    • The developed AFE offers a highly competitive solution in terms of performance, power efficiency, and area for bio-potential applications.