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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Screw: Problem Solving01:21

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In mechanical engineering, the interaction between a threaded screw shaft and a plate gear involves analyzing the resisting torque on the plate gear that can be overpowered when a specific torsional moment is applied to the shaft. To better comprehend this concept, consider a generic situation with a threaded screw shaft with a given mean radius and lead and a plate gear with a specified mean radius. The coefficient of static friction between the screw and gear is also provided.
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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
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Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

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In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...
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Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
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An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage
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Analytical model for dental implant insertion torque.

Baixuan Yang1, Ainara Irastorza-Landa2, Peter Heuberger2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston McLaughlin Hall, 130 Stuart Street Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an analytical model to understand dental implant insertion torque (IT). The model successfully differentiates implant types and quantifies factors influencing IT, improving anchorage assessment.

Keywords:
Dental implantModelTorque

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Implantology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Maximum insertion torque (IT) is crucial for dental implant anchorage and clinical success.
  • IT is influenced by surgical techniques, implant design, and bone characteristics.
  • Existing models lack detailed analysis of thread and taper contributions to IT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an analytical model for dental implant IT.
  • To differentiate between parallel-walled and tapered implants using the model.
  • To represent the impact of bone density, drill protocol, implant surface, and cutting flute on IT.

Main Methods:

  • An analytical model was formulated for IT, separating thread and taper contributions.
  • The model integrated torques from the thread's inclined plane and tapered body's interface shear stress.
  • Model parameters, effective force (F') and effective pressure (p'), were analyzed against experimental factors.

Main Results:

  • The model demonstrated high accuracy (R² = 0.88–1.0) and successfully differentiated implant types (p'=0 for parallel-walled, p'=0.12 for tapered).
  • Bone density, two-step drilling, and rough surfaces increased both F' and p'.
  • Cutting flutes had opposing effects on F' and p', resulting in a minimal net effect on IT.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed analytical model enhances understanding of dental implant IT contributors.
  • The model independently assesses thread and taper mechanics for improved IT prediction.
  • This provides a foundation for optimizing implant design and surgical protocols for better anchorage.