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Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Hair Cells

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Published on: January 12, 2015

PRDM16 expression and function in mammalian cochlear development.

Michael Ebeid^1,2,3, Kathy Barnas⁴, Hongji Zhang²

¹College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists

|April 22, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

PRDM16 is essential for cochlear development, regulating Kölliker's organ formation. Loss of PRDM16 in mice leads to abnormal hair cell development and altered gene expression in the cochlea.

Keywords:

Cochlear development Kölliker's organ PRDM16

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Last Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

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Published on: January 12, 2015

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Long-term Time Lapse Imaging of Mouse Cochlear Explants

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Published on: November 2, 2014

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Genetics
Otolaryngology

Background:

PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) is a critical transcriptional regulator.
PRDM16 is expressed in the epithelial cells of Kölliker's organ (KO) during development.
A mouse model with a Prdm16 null allele (Prdm16^cGT) was utilized.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of PRDM16 in cochlear development.
To characterize the effects of Prdm16 loss on the Kölliker's organ and cochlear duct.

Main Methods:

Utilized a Prdm16^cGT null mouse model.
Analyzed cochlear development at postnatal day 0 (P0).
Performed bulk RNA sequencing at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), followed by qPCR and FISH validation.

Main Results:

Prdm16 deficiency resulted in hypoplastic KO and shortened cochlear duct.
Increased hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) density in the apical turn was observed.
Reduced KO epithelial cell proliferation and upregulation of Fgf20 and Notch pathway genes (Lfng, Hes1, Jag1) were identified.

Conclusions:

PRDM16 expression is crucial for normal cochlear development.
PRDM16 is required for proper Kölliker's organ development and cellular organization.
PRDM16 influences gene expression related to cochlear development, including FGF and Notch signaling.