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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Pigmentation01:19

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
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Children and Ultraviolet Radiation.

Olaf Gefeller1, Katharina Diehl1

  • 1Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.

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Solar radiation drives life on Earth. Understanding its impact is crucial for various scientific fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Solar radiation is a fundamental energy source for Earth's systems.
  • Its variability influences climate patterns and biological processes.
  • Accurate measurement and modeling are essential for understanding Earth's energy budget.

Discussion:

  • The abstract highlights the critical role of solar radiation in sustaining life.
  • It implies a need for further research into the complex interactions between solar radiation and Earth's biosphere and atmosphere.
  • The study likely explores the quantitative aspects of solar energy transfer and its consequences.

Key Insights:

  • Solar radiation is indispensable for life's existence on our planet.
  • Variations in solar radiation have profound effects on climate and ecosystems.
  • Quantifying solar energy's role is key to environmental and climate research.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on refining solar radiation models.
  • Investigating the long-term impacts of solar variability on climate change is essential.
  • Exploring novel applications of solar energy in sustainable technologies is recommended.