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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
649
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

548
Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Celiac Disease Revisited.

João Calado1, Mariana Verdelho Machado1,2

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

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|May 2, 2022
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Summary

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Diagnosis can be challenging, with a lifelong gluten-free diet being the only effective treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population.
  • It is triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8) haplotypes.
  • While classic symptoms include diarrhea and malabsorption, many patients present with atypical or extraintestinal manifestations, leading to delayed diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges associated with celiac disease.
  • To outline current management strategies for celiac disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on celiac disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • Emphasis on challenging clinical scenarios, including seronegative cases and patients on a gluten-free diet prior to workup.
  • Synthesis of information regarding serological, histological, and genetic diagnostic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Celiac disease involves an autoimmune enteropathy characterized by specific autoantibodies.
  • Diagnosis is complex, particularly in atypical presentations, and relies on a combination of serology, histology, and genetic testing.
  • A lifelong gluten-free diet is the only established treatment for celiac disease.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of celiac disease requires a thorough understanding of its complex pathophysiology and diagnostic nuances.
  • Focusing screening on high-risk groups is recommended over general population screening.
  • Addressing diagnostic challenges is crucial for timely and accurate celiac disease identification and management.