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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Changes in Refractive Error Under COVID-19: A 3-Year Follow-up Study.

Xiaoyan Yang1,2,3, Qian Fan1,4,2, Yue Zhang1,2,3

  • 1Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.

Advances in Therapy
|May 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Schoolchildren experienced a significant increase in myopia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental changes during the pandemic particularly affected females and those with low hyperopia, emmetropia, or mild myopia.

Keywords:
COVID-19EmmetropiaHyperopiaMyopiaRefractive error

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Refractive errors, particularly myopia, are a growing global health concern.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant environmental and lifestyle changes that may impact ocular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in refractive error among schoolchildren.
  • To compare refractive error changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • A 3-year follow-up study (2018-2020) involving 2792 schoolchildren.
  • Yearly noncycloplegic refraction and ocular examinations were conducted.
  • Analysis of time-related changes in sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE) by gender.

Main Results:

  • A significant myopic shift was observed between 2018-2019 and 2019-2020.
  • Female participants showed a greater myopic shift in SE compared to males.
  • Low hyperopia, emmetropia, and mild myopia groups exhibited significant deterioration.

Conclusions:

  • Schoolchildren's refractive status trended towards increased myopia during the pandemic.
  • Environmental changes during COVID-19 disproportionately affected certain refractive groups and females.
  • The study highlights the impact of pandemic-related environmental shifts on pediatric refractive development.