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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
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Solvents01:12

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Thermo-responsive draw solute for forward osmosis process; poly(ionic liquid) having lower critical solution

Changha Ju1, Chanhyuk Park1, Taehyung Kim1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University 37 Nakdong-Daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu Busan 49315 Republic of Korea hkang@dau.ac.kr +82 51 200 7728 +82 51 200 7720.

RSC Advances
|May 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel poly(ionic liquid) with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was synthesized for forward osmosis (FO). This material, poly(4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium hexanesulfonate) (P[VBTBA][HS]), demonstrates efficient water flux and recoverability, showing promise as a draw solute.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Forward osmosis (FO) requires efficient draw solutes for water recovery.
  • Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) offer tunable properties for separation applications.
  • Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behavior enables temperature-triggered recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel poly(ionic liquid), poly(4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium hexanesulfonate) (P[VBTBA][HS]), with LCST behavior.
  • To evaluate the suitability of P[VBTBA][HS] as a draw solute in the forward osmosis (FO) process.
  • To investigate the FO performance and recovery properties of P[VBTBA][HS].

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of P[VBTBA][HS] via anion exchange of poly(4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium chloride) (P[VBTBA][Cl]) with sodium hexanesulfonate.
  • Free radical polymerization of (4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium chloride) monomer.
  • Investigation of FO performance using an active layer facing the feed solution (AL-FS) system.
  • Determination of LCST behavior and recovery efficiency through temperature manipulation.

Main Results:

  • P[VBTBA][HS] exhibited an LCST of approximately 17 °C at 20 wt%, enabling temperature-induced recovery.
  • The synthesized P[VBTBA][HS] demonstrated a water flux of ~5.85 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and a reverse solute flux of 1.13 g m⁻² h⁻¹ in the AL-FS system.
  • No LCST was observed for the precursor P[VBTBA][Cl], highlighting the role of the hexanesulfonate anion.

Conclusions:

  • P[VBTBA][HS] is a promising poly(ionic liquid) draw solute for forward osmosis due to its LCST behavior and efficient water transport.
  • The temperature-dependent solubility of P[VBTBA][HS] facilitates its recovery from aqueous solutions, enhancing process sustainability.
  • This study validates the potential of LCST-functionalized poly(ionic liquids) in advanced separation technologies like FO.