Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

11.4K
The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
11.4K
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

4.5K
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
4.5K
Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

5.9K
In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
5.9K
Beams01:30

Beams

1.5K
Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
1.5K
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

18.5K
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
18.5K
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

723
The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
723

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Feasibility of longitudinal relaxation rate mapping with non-Cartesian sampling and compressed sensing on a 1.5 T magnetic resonance linear accelerator.

Physics and imaging in radiation oncology·2026
Same author

Definitive, stereotactic ablative radiotherapy and endocrine therapy without surgery for select low-risk breast cancers: A prospective, phase II trial.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology·2026
Same author

Clinicogenomic and Histopathologic Analyses of Supermassive Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and the Role of Ablative Radiotherapy.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2026
Same author

Respiratory motion effects and plan robustness for lattice radiation therapy.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Development and implementation of an MRI-only simulation, planning, and treatment workflow for prostate radiotherapy using synthetic CT on MR-linac.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same author

Detection of the Linac Jaw face angle misalignment using high energy electron beam symmetry.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2025
Same journal

Synthetic CT-enabled weekly adaptive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Optimizing plan adaptation triggers through volumetric-dosimetric monitoring.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Method for simultaneous selection of treatment isocenters and margins for polymetastatic extracranial stereotactic ablative radiotherapy.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Pulse‑level characterization of low monitor unit deliveries on a modern linear accelerator using a plastic scintillation detector.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Improving image quality in terbium-161 phantom imaging: Quantitative evaluation of DEW and TEW scatter correction methods.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Latent density discrepancies in commercial lung-equivalent inserts and their clinical dosimetric impact.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
Same journal

Explainable machine learning for patient-specific quality assurance in intensity-modulated radiotherapy based on anatomical structures.

Journal of applied clinical medical physics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

1.9K

Adding customized electron energy beams to TrueBeam linear accelerators.

Song Gao1, Manickam Muruganandham1, Weiliang Du1

  • 1Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
|May 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New electron beam energies (7 and 11 MeV) were successfully added to Varian TrueBeam linacs without hardware changes. This optimization improved treatment planning and clinical capabilities, demonstrating consistent results across machines.

Keywords:
MPPG 5.a testsacceptance and commissioningionization chamber arraynew energy electron beams

More Related Videos

Automated Delivery of Microfabricated Targets for Intense Laser Irradiation Experiments
06:40

Automated Delivery of Microfabricated Targets for Intense Laser Irradiation Experiments

Published on: January 28, 2021

4.4K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

1.9K
Automated Delivery of Microfabricated Targets for Intense Laser Irradiation Experiments
06:40

Automated Delivery of Microfabricated Targets for Intense Laser Irradiation Experiments

Published on: January 28, 2021

4.4K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.5K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Technology

Background:

  • Optimizing radiation therapy requires precise beam characteristics.
  • Varian TrueBeam linacs are advanced radiotherapy devices.
  • Expanding available electron beam energies enhances treatment planning flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate two new electron beam energies (7 and 11 MeV) into existing Varian TrueBeam linear accelerators (linacs).
  • To meet evolving clinical demands and improve treatment planning for radiotherapy patients.
  • To achieve this without requiring any hardware modifications to the linacs.

Main Methods:

  • Collaborated with the vendor to customize two new electron energies.
  • Optimized beam parameters, including bending magnet current, to achieve specific 50% ionization depths (I50).
  • Utilized an ionization chamber profiler with a double-wedge phantom for precise beam tuning and symmetry optimization.
  • Conducted full commissioning, measuring beam profiles, percent depth doses (PDDs), and output factors (OFs) at various source-to-surface distances (SSDs).
  • Validated results against treatment planning system (TPS) calculations and Medical Physics Practice Guideline 5.a (MPPG 5.a).

Main Results:

  • Achieved target I50 depths within 0.2 mm of in-water phantom measurements for both 7 and 11 MeV beams.
  • Beam flatness and symmetry agreed within 0.4% between the two linacs.
  • Percent depth dose differences were within ±0.3%, and output factor ratios were within 0.007.
  • Treatment planning system (TPS) calculated outputs showed excellent agreement with measurements (-0.1% ±1.0% for 7 MeV, 0.2% ±0.8% for 11 MeV).
  • All measured parameters met the stringent MPPG 5.a criteria (3%/3 mm).

Conclusions:

  • Successfully added two new electron beam energies to Varian TrueBeam linacs without hardware modifications.
  • The ionization chamber profiler/double-wedge system significantly streamlined the tuning process, reducing procedure time.
  • Achieved highly consistent and accurate beam characteristics across both linacs, enhancing radiotherapy capabilities.