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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Isolation and Culture of Primary Synovial Macrophages and Fibroblasts from Murine Arthritis Tissue
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Reactive arthritis.

G S Firestein, N J Zvaifler

    Annual Review of Medicine
    |January 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory condition that develops after an infection. While often temporary, it can become chronic and relapsing, requiring specific medical treatments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Rheumatology
    • Immunology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis linked to a preceding localized infection.
    • Epidemiologic, genetic, and immunologic data confirm its status as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.
    • The disease course can range from transient to chronic and relapsing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To define reactive arthritis as a distinct clinical entity.
    • To highlight the spectrum of disease chronicity.
    • To outline general treatment approaches.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of epidemiologic, genetic, and immunologic features.
    • Clinical observation of disease course (transient vs. chronic relapsing).
    • Analysis of treatment strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Reactive arthritis is characterized by inflammatory joint symptoms following infection.
    • A significant subset of patients experiences a chronic, relapsing disease pattern.
    • Most cases are managed conservatively, with a minority needing disease-modifying therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Reactive arthritis is a well-defined condition with diverse clinical presentations.
    • Understanding its distinct features is crucial for diagnosis and management.
    • Treatment is tailored to disease severity and course, with conservative measures often sufficient.