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Related Concept Videos

The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

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Physiological Systems in Promoting Frailty.

Laís R Perazza1, Holly M Brown-Borg2, LaDora V Thompson1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|May 17, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frailty, a growing concern, is increasingly understood through its biological underpinnings. This review covers assessment, mechanisms like mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and potential interventions for age-related health decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Aging Biology
  • Physiology and Metabolism
  • Molecular and Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Frailty is a complex syndrome impacting a growing global population due to increased longevity.
  • Current understanding is primarily phenotypic, with limited insight into underlying biological mechanisms.
  • Advancements in assessment tools and multiomics necessitate a comprehensive review of frailty's biological basis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of frailty, including assessment, preclinical models, interventions, and clinical aspects.
  • To identify and discuss central biological mechanisms contributing to frailty.
  • To explore the interplay of aging biology with genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors in frailty development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on frailty assessment, preclinical models, and clinical frameworks.
  • Identification and analysis of key biological mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and oxidative stress.
  • Focus on metabolic pathways (AMPK, mTOR, NAD+) and their role in age-related health decline.

Main Results:

  • Central biological mechanisms implicated in frailty include mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and oxidative stress.
  • Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and visceral obesity play critical roles, influenced by pathways like AMPK, mTOR, and NAD+.
  • Immunometabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and stem cell exhaustion contribute to sarcopenia and reduced resilience.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the biological underpinnings of frailty is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • Targeting metabolic and cellular pathways offers potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate frailty.
  • A holistic approach considering aging biology, genetics, lifestyle, and environment is key to managing frailty.