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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

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Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes
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Brain-targeting drug delivery systems.

Peixin Liu1, Chen Jiang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
|May 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting brain diseases requires overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and complex brain micro-environment. Novel drug delivery systems offer versatile solutions for effective brain disease therapy.

Keywords:
blood-brain barrierbrain diseasesbrain microenvironmentsynergistic effects

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Brain diseases pose significant health challenges with limited fundamental treatment options.
  • Current therapies often only manage symptoms, failing to address underlying pathology.
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain micro-environment are critical obstacles in treating brain diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review alterations in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) relevant to brain disease therapy.
  • To discuss advanced strategies for drug targeting within the brain.
  • To highlight novel delivery systems that modulate the brain micro-environment for synergistic therapeutic effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on blood-brain barrier (BBB) research and brain-targeting delivery systems.
  • Analysis of emerging technologies in drug delivery for neurological disorders.
  • Synthesis of information on modulating the brain's micro-environment for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major hurdle for drug delivery to the brain.
  • Various brain-targeting delivery strategies show promise in overcoming BBB limitations.
  • Delivery systems designed to modulate the brain micro-environment can enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Brain-targeting drug delivery systems are crucial for advancing the treatment of brain diseases.
  • Overcoming BBB challenges and optimizing the brain micro-environment are key to successful therapies.
  • Emerging technologies in drug delivery offer new hope for treating complex neurological conditions.