Processing of Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films Studied with In-Situ Real-Time X-ray Scattering

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Renewable Energy
• Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

• Lead halide perovskites are key materials for high-efficiency solution-processable solar cells.
• Current power conversion efficiencies exceed 25%.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically overview the influence of solution-based processing routes on lead halide perovskite phase transformation.
• To understand the mechanism, onset, and kinetics of phase transformation during thin-film fabrication.

Main Methods:

• In-situ X-ray scattering experiments were performed under conditions mimicking thin-film solar cell fabrication.
• Studied processing routes include one-step and two-step spin-coating, blade coating, and hot casting.
• Investigated effects of varying compositions (anions, cations, solvents, antisolvents).

Main Results:

• Detailed insights into the solidification and conversion process of perovskite inks into solid films.
• Characterization of the emergence and disappearance of various intermediate phases.
• Demonstrated impact of processing routes on thin-film microstructure and morphology.

Conclusions:

• Solution-based processing significantly affects perovskite phase transformation and film properties.
• Understanding these transformations is critical for tailoring perovskite thin films for efficient solar cells.