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Plant-microbe interactions that have impacted plant terrestrializations.

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Mutualistic symbiosis has repeatedly facilitated plant terrestrialization across evolutionary history. This review explores key symbioses, like arbuscular mycorrhizae and lichens, suggesting overlooked microbial partnerships aided plant land colonization.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Symbiosis Research

Background:

  • Plants exhibit diverse features driven by evolutionary innovations.
  • Plant terrestrialization, the transition from aquatic to land environments, represents a major evolutionary event.
  • While embryophyte terrestrialization is well-studied, other land colonization events occurred throughout plant phylogeny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for mutualistic symbionts facilitating repeated plant terrestrialization.
  • To examine specific mutualistic symbioses, including arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and lichen symbiosis.
  • To propose that microbial associations may have played a crucial role in the emergence of various land plant clades.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing evidence on plant-microbe mutualistic interactions.
  • Analysis of case studies: arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in embryophytes and lichen symbiosis in chlorophyte algae.
  • Synthesis of findings to propose hypotheses regarding overlooked symbiotic events.

Main Results:

  • Mutualistic symbioses are a recurring theme in plant terrestrialization events.
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitated embryophyte land colonization.
  • Lichen symbiosis in algae demonstrates another example of symbiont-mediated terrestrial adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Mutualistic symbioses have repeatedly enabled plants to colonize land.
  • Bacterial associations warrant further investigation in the context of plant terrestrialization.
  • Previously unrecognized symbioses may have been critical for the evolution of diverse land plant lineages.