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COSPAR Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF).

Gerhard Kminek1, James N Benardini2, Frank E Brenker3

  • 1European Space Agency, Mars Exploration Group, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

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|June 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) developed a Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF) to determine if returned Mars samples contain life. This framework helps manage risks associated with extraterrestrial sample return missions.

Keywords:
Mars Sample ReturnPlanetary ProtectionSample Safety Assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Protection
  • Astrobiology
  • Space Science

Background:

  • Returning samples from Mars necessitates a robust safety assessment to protect Earth's biosphere.
  • Previous assessments highlighted the difficulty in predicting the impact of unknown extraterrestrial life.
  • The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) established a Working Group to address these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and describe the COSPAR Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF) for evaluating returned Mars samples.
  • To adjust the scope of safety assessment to focus on excluding the presence of Martian life.
  • To provide a foundation for planning Sample Receiving Facilities (SRF) and future Sample Safety Assessment Protocols (SSAP).

Main Methods:

  • The SSAF employs a positive hypothesis approach, assuming Martian life is present in samples.
  • Key elements include Bayesian statistics, a defined subsampling strategy, a test sequence, and decision criteria.
  • The test sequence accommodates self-replicating and non-self-replicating life, as well as biologically active molecules, within biological containment.

Main Results:

  • The SSAF provides a structured approach to assess the safety of returned Mars samples.
  • It defines conditions requiring a 'Hold & Critical Review' if Martian life cannot be excluded.
  • The framework is detailed enough for initial planning but acknowledges areas needing further development, such as defining the level of assurance and conducting analogue tests.

Conclusions:

  • The SSAF is a critical tool for managing risks associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR) missions.
  • The framework is adaptable for other extraterrestrial sample return missions and COSPAR Planetary Protection Category V missions.
  • Further work is required to optimize and implement the SSAF, including stakeholder review and addressing open issues.