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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla

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Published on: February 19, 2021

Multi-echo balanced SSFP with a sequential phase-encoding order for functional MR imaging at 7T.

Huilou Liang^1,2, Ziyi Pan³, Chencan Qian^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

|June 3, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new multi-echo balanced SSFP (bSSFP) sequence enables fast, high-resolution functional brain imaging at 7T. This advanced technique accelerates imaging without sacrificing signal quality, offering a promising alternative for fMRI research.

Keywords:

BOLD fMRI echo-train readout multi-echo passband balanced SSFP submillimeter in-plane resolution ultrahigh field

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Area of Science:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Neuroimaging
Biophysics

Background:

Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) is a powerful MRI technique.
Accelerated imaging is crucial for functional MRI (fMRI) to capture rapid brain activity.
Existing methods like Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) can suffer from distortions, particularly at high magnetic field strengths like 7 Tesla (7T).

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a novel 2D multi-echo passband balanced SSFP (bSSFP) sequence with sequential phase-encoding for fast functional brain imaging at 7T.
To assess the performance of this sequential multi-echo bSSFP in terms of image quality and functional activation compared to conventional methods.

Main Methods:

A 2D multi-echo passband balanced SSFP (bSSFP) sequence with sequential phase-encoding was developed.
A GRAPPA-based reconstruction method was implemented to mitigate ghosting artifacts inherent in multi-echo bSSFP.
Image quality was compared between multi-echo bSSFP and conventional single-echo bSSFP.
Submillimeter-resolution fMRI experiments were conducted using a checkerboard visual stimulus to compare activation characteristics.

Main Results:

Multi-echo bSSFP with a shorter echo train length (ETL=3) demonstrated higher structural similarity to single-echo bSSFP.
Multi-echo bSSFP (ETL=3) achieved higher temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) than GRAPPA-accelerated single-echo bSSFP (R=2).
Functional imaging with multi-echo bSSFP (ETL=3) approached the speed of accelerated EPI without tSNR penalty, yielding comparable activation patterns and virtually distortion-free images.

Conclusions:

Sequential multi-echo bSSFP (ETL=3) is well-suited for high-speed, submillimeter fMRI at 7T.
This method provides an effective way to accelerate bSSFP imaging without compromising tSNR, unlike traditional parallel imaging techniques.
It offers a valuable alternative for distortion-free functional imaging, preserving activation patterns observed with conventional bSSFP.