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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Thyroid Dysfunction from Treatments for Solid Organ Cancers.

Anupam Kotwal1, Donald S A McLeod2

  • 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984120 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/DrAKotwal.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New cancer therapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause thyroid dysfunction. This review covers diagnosis, management, and survival impacts of these adverse effects in solid organ cancer patients.

Keywords:
HyperthyroidismHypothyroidismImmune checkpoint inhibitorsIodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidineKinase inhibitorsMalignancyThyroid function testsThyrotoxicosis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer care has advanced with immune-based and targeted treatments for solid organ malignancies.
  • These novel therapies, while effective, can lead to significant adverse effects, notably thyroid dysfunction.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is an emerging concern in patients undergoing modern cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of modern cancer treatments on thyroid function.
  • To focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and radioactive iodine-conjugated treatments.
  • To provide a framework for diagnosing and managing treatment-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cancer treatments and thyroid dysfunction.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying thyroid dysfunction caused by specific agents.
  • Examination of diagnostic and management strategies for thyroid disorders in cancer patients.
  • Exploration of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and patient survival.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and I-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine are associated with various forms of thyroid dysfunction.
  • Specific mechanisms include immune-mediated thyroiditis and direct toxic effects.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for mitigating adverse outcomes.
  • Thyroid dysfunction may have implications for patient survival, warranting further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Modern cancer therapies pose a risk of thyroid dysfunction, requiring vigilant monitoring.
  • A systematic approach to diagnosis and management is essential for optimizing patient care.
  • Understanding the link between treatment-induced thyroid dysfunction and survival is critical for comprehensive cancer management.