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Repressed Memory

Repressed Memory

Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...

Traumatic Memory

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...

False Memories

False Memories

False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Altered predictive control during memory suppression in PTSD.

Giovanni Leone¹, Charlotte Postel¹, Alison Mary^1,2

¹Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000, Caen, France.

Nature Communications

|June 8, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) struggle with threat prediction, leading to avoidance. Their brain

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Last Updated: Sep 20, 2025

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Published on: May 19, 2015

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Computational Psychiatry

Background:

Aberrant threat predictions contribute to maladaptive avoidance in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The role of disrupted prediction in memory control by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how prediction and control mechanisms in the brain are affected in individuals with PTSD.
To explore the neural basis of memory control and its disruption following trauma exposure.

Main Methods:

Combined computational modeling and brain connectivity analyses.
Utilized a memory suppression task to assess belief formation and control of intrusive memories.
Compared individuals exposed to the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks (with and without PTSD) and non-exposed individuals.

Main Results:

Individuals with PTSD excessively used beliefs to control hippocampal activity, failing to downregulate prediction-errors from unwanted intrusions.
This imbalance in predictive and reactive control was associated with increased avoidance symptoms, but not general anxiety or negative affect.
Trauma-exposed participants without PTSD and non-exposed individuals demonstrated optimal balance between predictive and reactive control.

Conclusions:

A potential pathological mechanism in PTSD involves an imbalance between the brain's predictive and control systems.
Dysfunctional predictive control over memory states, particularly hippocampal activity, is linked to PTSD severity.
Findings underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between prediction, memory, and control in PTSD.