Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

311
Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
311
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

844
Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
844
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

1.5K

Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
1.5K
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

324
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
324
Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications01:18

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications

3.1K
Cardiovascular diseases, encompassing a range of conditions, can significantly affect the heart's operations and the overall circulatory system. These conditions impair the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to a deficit in oxygen supply to crucial organs. Anomalies in the heart's electrical system, known as arrhythmias, can cause heartbeats to accelerate or slow down. Usually, heart rates increase during physical activity and decrease while resting or sleeping. However,...
3.1K
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification01:18

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification

937
Adrenergic agonists can be classified based on their therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action. They serve various purposes in clinical applications.
Vasopressor or pressor agents: They increase blood pressure and function as cardiac stimulants. Examples include endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and synthetic agents (phenylephrine).
Bronchodilators: β2-agonists can relax bronchial muscles and widen airways. They are commonly used for treating obstructive pulmonary...
937

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiple Substance Use Disorders From Adolescence to Midlife.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same author

Challenging Case-In the Teens it Takes a Team.

Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP·2026
Same author

Differences in patterns of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use in US children.

JCPP advances·2026
Same author

Trajectories of Medical Prescription Opioid Use in Middle Adulthood and Substance Use Disorder Symptoms.

Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)·2026
Same author

Efficacy of Centanafadine for Executive Functioning and Learning Problems in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Patterns and Association With Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.9K

Cardiovascular Considerations for Stimulant Class Medications.

Paul Hammerness1, Amy Berger2, Michael C Angelini3

  • 1Psychiatry Services, Southcoast Health, 101 Page Street, New Bedford, MA, USA.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Stimulant use generally shows reassuring cardiovascular (CV) impact in healthy individuals. However, screening and monitoring are recommended for high-risk patients to identify potential CV risks.

Keywords:
ADHDBlood pressureCardiovascularECGHeart rateStimulant

More Related Videos

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice
10:28

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2016

17.3K
A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.9K
Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice
10:28

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2016

17.3K
A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cardiovascular (CV) effects of stimulant medications have been studied for decades.
  • Existing research often excludes high-risk populations with comorbid cardiac conditions.
  • Methodologies in previous studies have varied, impacting generalizability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing evidence on the cardiovascular impact of stimulants.
  • To identify the need for improved risk identification and management strategies for stimulant users.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical vigilance regarding stimulant-associated cardiovascular risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiological and targeted studies on stimulant use and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Analysis of data concerning heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) changes.
  • Consideration of evidence from both healthy and potentially high-risk populations.

Main Results:

  • The majority of evidence suggests a generally reassuring cardiovascular impact in healthy populations.
  • Significant gaps exist in understanding the risks for theoretically vulnerable individuals.
  • Current methodologies may not fully capture the spectrum of cardiovascular risks.

Conclusions:

  • Screening for theoretically vulnerable patients is recommended.
  • Monitoring for cardiovascular symptoms, blood pressure, and heart rate is advised.
  • Further research is needed to identify at-risk individuals, and clinicians should integrate stimulant-associated cardiovascular risk assessment into general cardiovascular risk management.