Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

3.2K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
3.2K
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

1.2K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
1.2K
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

2.9K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
2.9K
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

681
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
681
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

11.6K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
11.6K
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

661
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
661

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes: a post-pandemic reappraisal.

Diabetologia·2026
Same author

Extended Follow-up of Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy Trial Participants Suggests Benign Side Effect Profile.

Diabetes care·2026
Same author

Type I Interferon-Driven Monocyte Dysregulation and MAS-associated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells During Macrophage Activation Syndrome.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.

NPJ vaccines·2026
Same author

Counting fluorescent emitters with a single photon avalanche diode array.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Diurnal Variation of Islet Autoantibody Titers in Established Type 1 Diabetes Suggests Restricted-Time Sampling Improves Aab Measurement and Detection.

Research square·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

16.9K

Carbonyl Posttranslational Modification Associated With Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity.

Mei-Ling Yang1, Sean E Connolly1, Renelle J Gee1

  • 1Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

Diabetes
|June 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress modifies prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta subunit (P4Hb) in pancreatic islets, creating an autoantigen. This early event in type 1 diabetes precedes insulin autoimmunity and impacts insulin secretion.

More Related Videos

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies
09:15

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

Published on: March 23, 2018

15.6K
A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
06:46

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

16.9K
Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies
09:15

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

Published on: March 23, 2018

15.6K
A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
06:46

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic islets can lead to posttranslational modifications of self-proteins.
  • These modifications may contribute to the development of autoimmune diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific carbonylated islet proteins that appear before hyperglycemia in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.
  • To investigate the role of prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta subunit (P4Hb) as an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis to identify carbonylated proteins in pancreatic islets.
  • Detection of autoantibodies against P4Hb in NOD mice and human type 1 diabetes patients.
  • Assessment of CD4+ T-cell responses to carbonyl-P4Hb epitopes.

Main Results:

  • Carbonyl modification of P4Hb was identified as an early autoantigen in human and murine type 1 diabetes.
  • Carbonylated P4Hb was elevated in stressed islets, correlating with reduced insulin secretion and altered proinsulin-to-insulin ratios.
  • Autoantibodies against P4Hb and autoreactive T-cell responses were detected before anti-insulin autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonyl modification of P4Hb is an early event in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
  • Carbonyl-P4Hb acts as an autoantigen, potentially triggering autoimmune responses against insulin-processing proteins.
  • These findings offer mechanistic insights into autoantigen generation in type 1 diabetes.