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Related Concept Videos

Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

765
In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific...
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Concept of Pressure at a Point01:15

Concept of Pressure at a Point

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The concept of pressure at a point in a fluid establishes that pressure within a fluid is uniform in all directions at a specific location. This uniformity occurs because fluid molecules exert force evenly across any point due to their random motion and continuous collisions within the fluid. Pressure at a point is determined by the surrounding fluid molecules and is influenced by factors like depth and density, rather than by shape or orientation.
In a fluid at rest, pressure acts equally in...
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)02:32

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For gas-phase equilibria, changes in the concentrations of reactants and products can occur with altered volume and pressure. The partial pressure, P, of an ideal gas is proportional to its molar concentration, M.
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Chemical pressure in functional materials.

Kun Lin1, Qiang Li1, Runze Yu1

  • 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China. xing@ustb.edu.cn.

Chemical Society Reviews
|June 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical pressure, an internal lattice force, offers a flexible method to synthesize novel materials and tune properties. This review explores its diverse applications in magnetic, electric, and thermal functional materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Chemical pressure is an internal lattice force arising from chemical modifications and lattice strain.
  • Unlike external physical pressure, chemical pressure can be positive or negative, allowing lattice contraction or expansion.
  • It offers a versatile and efficient approach for synthesizing new compounds and tuning functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental features of chemical pressure as a synthetic and materials tuning methodology.
  • To demonstrate the application of chemical pressure in discovering functional materials with magnetic, electrical, and thermal responses.
  • To propose a quantitative measure of chemical pressure using experimental lattice strain and elastic modulus.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of chemical pressure based on lattice strain: chemical substitution, intercalation/de-intercalation, size effect, and interface constraint.
  • Experimental measurement of lattice strain and elastic modulus for quantitative analysis.
  • Synthesis and characterization of functional materials influenced by chemical pressure.

Main Results:

  • Chemical pressure effectively modifies electronic structure, crystal symmetry, and local/phonon structures.
  • A quantitative framework for correlating lattice distortion with material properties was proposed.
  • Demonstrated the successful synthesis and tuning of magnetically, electrically, and thermally responsive materials.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical pressure is a powerful and general methodology for synthesizing novel compounds and tailoring functional material properties.
  • Understanding chemical pressure provides a crucial degree of freedom for manipulating material behaviors.
  • The proposed quantitative measure enables precise control and prediction of property tuning via chemical pressure.