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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
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Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
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Correlations between Persistent Olfactory and Semantic Memory Disorders after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Julie Fiorentino1,2, Magali Payne1,2, Elisa Cancian3

  • 1Département d'Orthophonie de Nice, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, 06107 Nice, France.

Brain Sciences
|June 24, 2022
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Summary

Persistent post COVID-19 olfactory loss can impair semantic memory, affecting general knowledge. Early assessment and rehabilitation are crucial for improving quality of life in affected individuals.

Keywords:
COVID-19cognitive disordersolfactory dysfunctionolfactory testingsemantic memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • COVID-19 frequently causes olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia/anosmia), impacting olfactory identification.
  • Post-COVID-19 cognitive deficits, including executive function, attention, and memory impairments, are increasingly recognized.
  • Olfaction, particularly olfactory identification, is intrinsically linked to semantic memory, which governs world knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential impairment of semantic memory in individuals experiencing persistent olfactory disorders after COVID-19 infection.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-four patients with post-COVID-19 olfactory loss underwent clinical evaluation.
  • Utilized tests included the Pyramid and Palm Tree Test, Grémots word-retrieval task, Sniffin' Sticks Test, and a computerized olfactory test for Alzheimer's Disease diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Semantic memory impairment was identified in 20% (17/84) of patients, notably within the 19-39 age group.
  • A significant correlation was found between olfactory threshold and semantic memory scores.

Conclusions:

  • Semantic memory disorders following COVID-19 can negatively impact patients' quality of life if unaddressed.
  • Specific post-COVID-19 assessments are vital for accurate diagnosis and tailored rehabilitation, such as speech and language therapy, to mitigate quality-of-life decline.