Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

335
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
335
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

6.3K
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
6.3K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

318
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
318
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

432
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
432
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.5K
Infection01:20

Infection

8.7K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
8.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Brucellosis Surveillance - United States, 2010-2024.

Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)·2026
Same author

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sequence Type 16676 in Disseminated Infections, Minnesota, USA, 2025.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Prevalence and outcomes of bacterial co-detections by blood culture among children and adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2022-2024.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026
Same author

Expanded Genomic Surveillance and Seasonal Comparisons of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Minnesota, USA, 2023-2025.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses·2026
Same author

Effects of age and birth cohort on influenza A virus subtype-specific hospitalization rates, United States 2010-2025.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Investigating the Impact of Host Genetics on the Risk of Disease Progression in Individuals With Influenza.

Immunity, inflammation and disease·2026
Same journal

Five-Year Risk of CIN3+ After CIN1 Biopsy in a Norwegian Screening Setting: Comparison of CIN1 Diagnosed in a Single Calendar Year and in Two Consecutive Calendar Years.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention Bundle: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Saudi Study to Assess Knowledge, Adherence, and Perceived Barriers Among ICU Practitioners in Hail Region.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Anti-<i>Borrelia</i> IgG Seropositivity Among Hemodialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Preliminary Case-Control Study from Northern Türkiye.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Molecular Characterization of Hemotropic <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. From Bats (Chiroptera) in the Northern Pantanal, Brazil.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Characterization of Durum-Einkorn Amphiploids for Introgression of Powdery Mildew Resistance from Einkorn into Common Wheat.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Human Orthohantavirus Infections: A Narrative Review.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

3.5K

What Is Anthrax?

William A Bower1, Katherine A Hendricks1, Antonio R Vieira1

  • 1Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anthrax is a toxin-mediated disease, not solely caused by Bacillus anthracis. The definition should expand to include other Bacillus cereus group bacteria harboring the pXO1 plasmid and producing anthrax toxins.

Keywords:
Bacillus anthracisBacillus cereusBacillus cereus biovar anthracisBacillus tropicusanthraxpathogenesisplasmids

More Related Videos

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG
12:23

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Published on: May 16, 2017

7.6K
Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes
08:34

Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes

Published on: September 27, 2018

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

3.5K
Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG
12:23

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Published on: May 16, 2017

7.6K
Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes
08:34

Identification of Virulence Markers of Mycobacterium abscessus for Intracellular Replication in Phagocytes

Published on: September 27, 2018

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogen Discovery
  • Bacterial Genetics

Background:

  • Anthrax has historically been attributed solely to Bacillus anthracis.
  • Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax through toxin production encoded by the pXO1 plasmid.
  • Anthrax is a toxin-mediated disease with high mortality in humans and animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the definition of anthrax based on its causative toxins.
  • To investigate the role of other Bacillus cereus group members in anthrax-like disease.
  • To determine if the pXO1 plasmid is present in other Bacillus species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical anthrax research.
  • Analysis of toxin production in Bacillus cereus group members.
  • Genetic investigation of the pXO1 plasmid in various Bacillus species.

Main Results:

  • Other Bacillus cereus group members harbor the pXO1 plasmid.
  • These organisms produce anthrax toxins (edema toxin and lethal toxin).
  • Infections with these organisms cause diseases clinically similar to anthrax.

Conclusions:

  • Anthrax should be defined by the presence of anthrax toxins encoded by the pXO1 plasmid.
  • The definition of anthrax should be expanded to include diseases caused by any Bacillus cereus group member with the pXO1 plasmid.
  • This redefinition broadens the scope of anthrax diagnosis and potential bioweapon threats.