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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

31.1K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
24.3K
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

3.1K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
3.1K
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

2.7K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

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Singularities from Entropy.

Raphael Bousso1, Arvin Shahbazi-Moghaddam2

  • 1Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Singularity theorems link quantum information to spacetime singularities. If light rays contract in a hyperentropic region, a singularity is indicated, applicable even in closed universes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Quantum Gravity
  • General Relativity

Background:

  • Penrose's singularity theorem relies on non-compactness assumptions.
  • The Bousso bound relates entropy to boundary area.
  • Quantum information provides new tools for studying spacetime.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prove a new singularity theorem using the Bousso bound.
  • To establish a direct link between spacetime singularities and quantum information.
  • To generalize singularity theorems to closed universes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Bousso bound to analyze light ray behavior.
  • Introducing the concept of a 'hyperentropic' region.
  • Replacing non-compactness with a condition on entropy.

Main Results:

  • A new singularity theorem is proven: contracting light rays in a hyperentropic region imply an incomplete light ray.
  • The theorem applies to spacetimes without non-compactness, including closed universes.
  • In de Sitter spacetime, big bang singularities are linked to late-time dilute radiation.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel connection between quantum information and gravitational singularities.
  • The new theorem offers broader applicability than previous singularity theorems.
  • Hyperentropy serves as a crucial condition for diagnosing singularities in various cosmological models.