BWOA assisted PIDF-(1+I) controller for intelligent load frequency management of standalone micro-grid

The study made in this paper has been directed towards a novel load frequency management (LFM) scheme for solar-wind-based standalone micro-grid (SMG). For LFM, this brief deals with the introduction of proportional-integral-derivative with filter - (one plus integral), i.e., PIDF-(1+I) cascade controller. A maiden endeavor has been performed to employ a recently developed black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA) to obtain the supplementary controller parameters. The considered SMG consists of the wind turbine generator, diesel engine generator, solar photovoltaic as distributed generation unit, and flywheel and ultra-capacitor are considered as energy storage systems. Generation rate constraints and governor dead-band type power system's nonlinearities are also included in this study. This work aims to mitigate the effect of mismatch in demand and generation and minimize the change in frequency deviation (CFD). The maximum obtained CFD with the proposed controller is 0.048 Hz, which is entirely satisfactory and under the permissible limit of IEEE standard. A vivid comparative analysis of artificial bee colony and BWOA tuned controllers like conventional PID, PIDF, and PIDF-(1+I) is also performed. Finally, the detailed robustness assessment of the proposed controller with its real-time implementation through the standard New England IEEE 39 test bus system presents the controller's superiority.