Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adsorption and Sulfur-Selective Photooxidation of Cysteine on Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>(101).

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Cation-Induced Interphasial Viscosity Variations on Gold Electrocatalysts in Nanoconfined Aqueous Electrolytes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Molecular Dioxygen-Mediated Passivation of Electron Traps in n-Type Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Epitaxy of ultrathin Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> films on SrTiO<sub>3</sub>(001): influence of growth parameters on the formation of coexisting (111)- and (001)-oriented phases.

Journal of applied crystallography·2026

Same author

Cation-Surface Interactions During Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Probed by Surface X‑ray Diffraction.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2026

Same author

Unlocking the Selectivity of Pt-Ru Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of Acetone to Isopropanol.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Same journal

A tetrahedral probe constellation approach for measuring canonical momentum in self-organized laboratory plasma.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Same journal

High-precision and short duration operating time dispersion in a fast mechanical switch driven by an ultrasonic motor: Modeling, prediction, and compensation.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Same journal

Cluster assisted soft-landing hub (CLASH): An instrument for surface desorption and deposition using a pulsed cluster ion source.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Same journal

Influence of pre-ionization parameters on multi-channel discharge characteristics of field-distortion switch gaps.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Same journal

A Joule-Thomson low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope with vector magnet and rotatable scanning head.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Same journal

Fiber-optic triggering of a two-stage high-current linear transformer driver with laser energy below 100 μJ.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

A combined rotating disk electrode-surface x-ray diffraction setup for surface structure characterization in

Leon Jacobse¹, Ralf Schuster², Johannes Pfrommer¹

¹Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|July 1, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a combined rotating disk electrode and surface X-ray diffraction technique for electrocatalysis. This powerful method allows real-time characterization of electrode surface structures under operando conditions.

More Related Videos

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

Published on: March 16, 2018

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

Published on: June 30, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

Published on: March 16, 2018

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

Published on: June 30, 2019

Area of Science:

Surface Science
Electrocatalysis
Materials Science

Background:

Understanding electrode surface structures is crucial for advancing electrocatalysis.
Operando characterization provides insights into structure-activity relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and demonstrate a combined rotating disk electrode (RDE) and high-energy surface X-ray diffraction (XSWD) technique.
To enable simultaneous kinetic measurements and surface structure characterization under electrocatalytic conditions.

Main Methods:

Integration of a rotating disk electrode setup with high-energy surface X-ray diffraction.
Utilizing Pt(111) and Pt(100) model electrodes for validation.
Performing crystal truncation rod (CTR) measurements at various rotation rates (up to 1200 rpm).

Main Results:

Demonstrated feasibility of full CTR measurements up to 1200 rpm.
Showcased the technique's versatility through potentiostatic and potentiodynamic measurements.
Confirmed the ability to study electrode surfaces under steady-state electrocatalytic conditions.

Conclusions:

The combined RDE-XSWD technique is a powerful tool for operando studies in electrocatalysis.
This method facilitates a deeper understanding of surface structure-activity relationships.
The experimental setup is relatively simple and highly versatile.