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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis.

Robert J MacKay1, Daniel K Howe2

  • 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610-0125, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) can be caused by Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi. Understanding risk factors and improved diagnostics aid in managing this equine neurologic disease.

Keywords:
Central nervous systemEPMNeospora, opossumProtozoaSarcocystis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Parasitology
  • Equine Medicine

Background:

  • Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a significant neurologic disease in horses.
  • The disease is caused by protozoan parasites, primarily Sarcocystis neurona.
  • Factors influencing the infrequent occurrence of clinical EPM despite common infection remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of EPM.
  • To identify etiologic agents, risk factors, and diagnostic advancements.
  • To discuss effective treatment options for EPM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on EPM.
  • Analysis of epidemiological studies identifying risk factors.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic techniques and treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are identified as causative agents, with S. neurona being most common.
  • Risk factors include the presence of opossums and prior stressful health events.
  • Intrathecal antibody detection has improved EPM diagnosis.
  • FDA-approved treatments like ponazuril, diclazuril, and sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine show efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • EPM understanding has advanced, identifying key parasites and risk factors.
  • Improved diagnostics and effective treatments are available for EPM.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate factors influencing clinical disease manifestation.