Fetal Neurosurgical Interventions for Spinal Malformations, Cerebral Malformations, and Hydrocephalus: Past, Present,...

In this article we review the last 40 years of progress in fetal neurosurgery with special attention to current controversies and upcoming challenges in the field. We surveyed the published literature describing prenatal interventions for spinal malformations, cerebral malformations, and hydrocephalus. Even the most mature treatment paradigm, intrauterine repair of myelomeningocele, stands to benefit from advances in imaging and therapeutic modalities to improve patient selection, refine surgical techniques, validate novel biologic therapies, and streamline postoperative patient care. Other conditions under evaluation include congenital cerebral malformations, such as encephalocele, cerebrovascular malformations, and hydrocephalus. We describe cross-cutting needs for advances in fetal neuroimaging, basic disease models and new therapeutic devices to support further progress across various neurosurgical conditions affecting patients during the fetal period.