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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

43.1K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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Physics of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Theory, Modeling and Experiment.

Bart W Hoogenboom1, Loren E Hough2, Edward A Lemke3

  • 1London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Physics Reports
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a cellular nanomachine regulating transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Its conserved physical principles, understood via biophysics and modeling, apply across eukaryotes.

Keywords:
Nuclear pore complexbiomimeticcrowdingdiffusionintrinsically disordered proteinsmolecular dynamicsmolecular modellingmultivalencynanochannelsstochastic transport

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Last Updated: Sep 3, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Nanoscience

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells feature a nucleus enclosed by the nuclear envelope (NE), necessitating transport of molecules across it.
  • The Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) acts as a nanomachine controlling this bi-directional transport, ensuring cellular function.
  • NPCs exhibit high specificity, speed, and robustness, with conserved mechanisms across eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physical understanding of Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) architecture and function.
  • To critically analyze experimental studies of NPCs in cells and artificial mimics using theoretical and computational models.
  • To discuss connections between NPC operation principles and broader biophysics/bionanotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of experimental data from molecular cell biology and biophysics.
  • Utilizing theoretical and computational modeling approaches.
  • Examining artificial NPC mimics with reduced complexity.

Main Results:

  • NPC function can be largely explained by fundamental physical concepts.
  • Experimental studies and computational models provide insights into NPC architecture and transport mechanisms.
  • Artificial NPC mimics recapitulate key aspects of biological pore function.

Conclusions:

  • The physical principles governing NPC operation are conserved and understandable.
  • Interdisciplinary approaches combining biology, physics, and modeling are crucial for understanding NPCs.
  • NPCs offer insights into fundamental biophysical processes and bionanotechnology applications.