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Electrodes: Overview

Electrodes: Overview

Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in the...

Types of Reversible Electrodes

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For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...

The Electrical Double Layer

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Published on: June 23, 2017

Stretchable and Directly Patternable Double-Layer Structure Electrodes with Complete Coverage.

Junsung Bang¹, Junhyuk Ahn¹, Jinyuan Zhang²

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.

|August 4, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New stretchable electrodes offer enhanced signal capture for wearable electronics. These photolithographically patterned electrodes improve efficiency and stability, overcoming limitations of previous designs.

Keywords:

adhesion complete coverage direct patternable double-layer structure stretchable electrode

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Wearable Technology

Background:

Rigid electrodes lack stretchability needed for advanced wearable electronics.
Existing stretchable designs suffer from low signal extraction efficiency and poor adhesion.
Current methods require complex fabrication steps for patterning on polymer substrates.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop photolithographically patternable stretchable electrodes with complete coverage.
To enhance charge/signal extraction efficiency and improve adhesion on polymer substrates.
To create a stable and efficient electrode for diverse sensing applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a double-layer electrode structure using chemically treated silver nanowire (AgNW) mesh and gold (Au) thin film.
Utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an interfacial linker to strengthen chemical bonds.
Employing a reinforced concrete structure with nanowire-embedded metal thin films for enhanced mechanical properties.

Main Results:

Achieved photolithographically patternable stretchable electrodes with complete coverage.
Demonstrated enhanced charge-extraction efficiency compared to existing designs.
Exhibited superior stability and efficiency in capturing physical, electromagnetic, and electrophysiological signals.
Overcame limitations of previous stretchable electrode technologies.

Conclusions:

The developed electrodes provide a significant advancement in stretchable electronics.
The novel fabrication method ensures high performance and broad applicability.
These electrodes are suitable for various applications including electrocardiogram sensing, strain sensors, and antennas.