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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Sample Preparation to Bioinformatics Analysis of DNA Methylation: Association Strategy for Obesity and Related Trait Studies
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Epigenome Modulation Induced by Ketogenic Diets.

Paola Ungaro1,2, Immacolata Cristina Nettore3, Fabiana Franchini3

  • 1Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Nutrients
|August 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Ketogenic diets (KD) offer therapeutic benefits for various conditions by altering cellular metabolism. This review highlights the limited but crucial epigenetic changes associated with these diets, impacting adaptation and health outcomes.

Keywords:
DNA methylationVery Low-Calories Ketogenic Diethistone modificationsketogenic dietmiRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Epigenetics
  • Metabolic Pathways

Background:

  • Ketogenic diets (KD), characterized by low carbohydrate and variable fat intake, are recognized for their therapeutic potential in obesity, metabolic disorders, neurological conditions, and diseases like cancer.
  • While intracellular metabolic pathways are studied, the role of epigenetic modifications in KD's efficacy remains under-explored.
  • Epigenetic changes are vital for environmental adaptation, suggesting a significant, yet underappreciated, link to KD's health benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the epigenetic modifications induced by ketogenic diets (KD).
  • To consolidate current knowledge on how KD influences epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To identify gaps in research regarding KD and epigenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies investigating ketogenic diets and epigenetic changes.
  • Analysis of research focusing on molecular mechanisms linking KD to epigenetic alterations.
  • Synthesis of findings on DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs in response to KD.

Main Results:

  • Ketogenic diets induce significant epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications.
  • These epigenetic changes are associated with the modulation of gene expression involved in metabolic regulation and cellular adaptation.
  • Specific metabolites produced during ketogenesis, such as ketone bodies and altered nutrient availability, appear to mediate these epigenetic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifications are a key mechanism through which ketogenic diets exert their beneficial effects.
  • Further research into KD-induced epigenetics is crucial for understanding their therapeutic potential and optimizing their application.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways could offer novel strategies for KD-based interventions in various diseases.