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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Quantum vs Noncontextual Semi-Device-Independent Randomness Certification.

Carles Roch I Carceller1, Kieran Flatt2, Hanwool Lee2

  • 1Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

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Quantum physics offers greater randomness certification than classical physics for partially characterized devices. This quantum advantage in random number generation is significant when device states are not fully known.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Foundations of Physics

Background:

  • Randomness certification is crucial for secure applications.
  • Device characterization is often incomplete in real-world scenarios.
  • Noncontextuality serves as a benchmark for classicality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare quantum and classical physics for randomness certification.
  • To develop semi-device independent protocols for random number generation.
  • To investigate the quantum advantage in randomness certification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing state discrimination for randomness certification.
  • Employing maximum-confidence discrimination, a generalization of unambiguous and minimum-error discrimination.
  • Developing quantum and noncontextual semi-device independent protocols.

Main Results:

  • Quantum devices can certify more randomness than noncontextual (classical) devices.
  • This quantum advantage is observed when input states are not unambiguously identified.
  • A quantum-over-classical advantage in randomness certification is demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum physics provides a superior framework for randomness certification compared to noncontextual classical physics.
  • The developed protocols offer a path towards more secure random number generation.
  • The findings highlight the power of quantum mechanics in scenarios with limited device information.