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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
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Human eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and the nucleotide-bound state of eIF4A regulate eIF4F binding to RNA.

Mario Servulo Izidoro1, Masaaki Sokabe1, Nancy Villa1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|August 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex binds mRNA through coordinated actions of its eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G components. eIF4E binding to eIF4G stabilizes RNA binding, while ATP binding to eIF4A modulates eIF4F

Keywords:
RNAcooperativityeIF4AeIF4EeIF4FeIF4Gtranslation initiation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex assembly and mRNA binding is not fully understood.
  • eIF4F, composed of eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G, plays a crucial role in cap-dependent translation initiation.
  • Understanding the dynamics of eIF4F-mRNA interaction is key to deciphering translation regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the coordination between eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G in regulating eIF4F binding to mRNA.
  • To establish thermodynamic and kinetic frameworks for uncapped RNA interaction with human eIF4F.
  • To investigate the role of ATP in modulating eIF4F-RNA dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Fluorescence anisotropy was employed to study the binding kinetics and thermodynamics.
  • Real-time monitoring of uncapped RNA dissociation from eIF4F was performed.
  • Kinetic analysis of eIF4A binding to eIF4G was conducted.

Main Results:

  • eIF4E binding to eIF4G induces a high-affinity RNA-binding conformation of eIF4F.
  • ATP binding to eIF4A significantly enhances eIF4F's affinity for uncapped RNA by reducing dissociation rates.
  • eIF4F exhibits rapid association and dissociation rates with RNA upon ATP release from eIF4A.
  • Two distinct kinetic states of eIF4A binding to eIF4G suggest conformational flexibility within the eIF4F complex.
  • The eIF4G autoinhibitory domain stabilizes eIF4A binding, but this is overcome by eIF4E.

Conclusions:

  • eIF4E binding to eIF4G stabilizes a high-affinity RNA-binding state of eIF4F.
  • eIF4A's dynamic interaction with eIF4G, regulated by ATP, facilitates rapid mRNA binding and release during scanning.
  • The findings provide a model for eIF4F's dynamic role in translation initiation.