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Related Concept Videos

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy
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Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

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Endothelial Glycocalyx.

Christopher A Foote1,2, Rogerio N Soares1, Francisco I Ramirez-Perez1

  • 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|August 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endothelial glycocalyx, a cell structure, is vital for blood vessel function and preventing disease. Research focuses on understanding and improving its integrity to combat vascular pathologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The glycocalyx is a cell-surface polysaccharide layer crucial for cellular functions.
  • In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx mediates mechanosensation, regulates permeability, and modulates inflammation.
  • Its structural integrity is essential for preventing macromolecule leakage and pathogen entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure, function, and pathological implications of the endothelial glycocalyx.
  • To explore the mechanisms of glycocalyx degradation and synthesis.
  • To highlight therapeutic strategies for enhancing glycocalyx integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on the glycocalyx.
  • Analysis of the molecular components and their roles.
  • Discussion of pathological conditions linked to glycocalyx dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • The endothelial glycocalyx plays key roles in mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and immune responses.
  • Components like sialic acid, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan are critical for its function.
  • Glycocalyx degradation is associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining endothelial glycocalyx integrity is crucial for vascular health.
  • Understanding glycocalyx dynamics is key to developing therapies for vascular diseases.
  • Further research into glycocalyx synthesis and degradation pathways is warranted.