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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Updated: Aug 31, 2025

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
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Rare Heterogeneous Adverse Events Associated with mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review.

Rana I Oueijan1, Olivia R Hill1, Peter D Ahiawodzi2

  • 1School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27501, USA.

Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)
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PubMed
Summary

Serious adverse events following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are rare, with rare cases of myocarditis, pericarditis, and neurological effects reported. These vaccines are generally safe and effective, but further long-term studies are needed.

Keywords:
CNS effectsCOVID-19 vaccinesadverse eventsallergic hypersensitivitiesdermatological eventsmRNA vaccinesmyocarditisorofacial reactionspericarditisthrombocytopenia

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Pharmacovigilance

Background:

  • Widespread COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) necessitates review of adverse events.
  • Novel mRNA vaccine technology requires understanding of potential risks.
  • Post-vaccination adverse event reports have emerged globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive review of serious adverse events linked to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
  • To assess the safety profile of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines.
  • To synthesize current literature on vaccine-related adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review.
  • Identification and analysis of studies reporting mRNA COVID-19 vaccine adverse events.
  • Evaluation of pharmacovigilance data.

Main Results:

  • Serious adverse events are rare following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
  • Reported events include rare myocarditis/pericarditis in young recipients, thrombocytopenia, neurological effects, skin reactions, and allergic hypersensitivity.
  • Causal relationships were not definitively established for most events.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are generally safe and effective, administered to billions worldwide.
  • Further research is required on long-term adverse events and unpredictable reactions.
  • Ongoing monitoring of vaccine safety is crucial.